Land cover surrounding Madison, WI. Fields are colored yellow and brown, water is colored blue, and urban surfaces are colored red.
*Land Cover Classification System Classification Concepts And User Manual Software Version (2)
*Land Cover Classification System (lccs) Classification Concepts And User Manual
Land cover is the physical material at the surface of the earth. Land covers include grass, asphalt, trees, bare ground, water, etc. Earth cover is the expression used by ecologist Frederick Edward Clements that has its closest modern equivalent being vegetation.[1]:52 The expression continues to be used by the United States Bureau of Land Management.[2]
Dec 26, 2007 Land change science has emerged as a fundamental component of global environmental change and sustainability research. This interdisciplinary field seeks to understand the dynamics of land cover and land use as a coupled human–environment system to address theory, concepts, models, and applications relevant to environmental and societal problems, including the intersection of the two. Land Cover Classification System (LCCS): Cl assification Concepts and User Manual. Di Gregorio, A., and Jansen, L.J.M. Environment and Natural Resources Service, GCP/RAF/287/ITA Africover - East.Land Cover Classification System Classification Concepts And User Manual Software Version (2)
There are two primary methods for capturing information on land cover: field survey and analysis of remotely sensed imagery. Land change models can be built from these types of data to assess future shifts in land cover Land Cover Classification System (lccs) Classification Concepts And User Manual
One of the major land cover issues (as with all natural resource inventories) is that every survey defines similarly named categories in different ways. For instance, there are many definitions of 'forest'—sometimes within the same organisation—that may or may not incorporate a number of different forest features (e.g., stand height, canopy cover, strip width, inclusion of grasses, and rates of growth for timber production). Areas without trees may be classified as forest cover 'if the intention is to re-plant' (UK and Ireland), while areas with many trees may not be labelled as forest 'if the trees are not growing fast enough' (Norway and Finland).Distinction from 'land use'[edit]
'Land cover' is distinct from 'land use', despite the two terms often being used interchangeably. Land use is a description of how people utilize the land and of socio-economic activity. Urban and agricultural land uses are two of the most commonly known land use classes. At any one point or place, there may be multiple and alternate land uses, the specification of which may have a political dimension. The origins of the 'land cover/land use' couplet and the implications of their confusion are discussed in Fisher et al. (2005).[3]Types[edit]Land cover by IGBP with 17 classes. Class definition[4] Color Code[5]EvergreenNeedleleafForestDeciduous Needleleaf ForestMixed Forest Open Shrubland Savannas Permanent WetlandsUrban and Built-UpSnow and Ice
Following table is Land Cover statistics by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) with 14 classes.Land Cover[6][7] (million ha = 10 000 km2)FAO codetype[8]199220012015sharechange fm 92note[6970]Artificial surfaces (including urban and associated areas)26.0434.3355.400.37%29.35[6971]Herbaceous crops1,716.221,749.581,712.1511.50%-4.06Arable land[6972]Woody crops162.86181.32199.901.34%37.04Arable land[6973]Multiple or layered cropsArable land[6974]Tree-covered areas4,434.924,393.704,335.0029.11%-99.93large decrease[6975]Mangroves18.0618.3918.740.13%0.67[6976]Shrub-covered areas1,685.001,669.651,627.3410.93%-57.66large decrease[6977]Shrubs and/or herbaceous vegetation, aquatic or regularly flooded202.61194.77185.391.24%-17.23[6978]Sparsely natural vegetated areas891.78878.69868.075.83%-23.71[6979]Terrestrial barren land2,001.252,000.871,884.0012.65%-117.25large decrease[6980]Permanent snow and glaciers78.5984.3284.290.57%5.70[6981]Inland water bodies432.60435.00444.572.98%11.97[6982]Coastal water bodies and intertidal areas[6983]Grassland1,793.651,806.501,801.1412.09%7.50Total Land Mass14,893.91100%See also[edit]External links[edit]Notes[edit]
*^Makers of American Botany, Harry Baker Humphrey, Ronald Press Company, Library of Congress Card Number 61-18435
*^'Susitna MOA Earth Cover Classification'(PDF). BlM-Alaska Technical Report 44. Bureau of Land Management. September 2002. Archived from the original(PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
*^Fisher, 2005.
*^The IGBP Land Cover Classification
*^
*^
*^values are from CCI_LC（Climate Change Initiative Land Cover） by European Space Agency
*^FAO Dataset Information: Land Cover Title Abstract Supplemental see Table 1. SEEA CF/AFF land cover classes and corresponding LCC classifiers, page 2,3,4References[edit]
*Lex Comber; et al. (2005). 'What Is Land Cover?'. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design (32): 199–209.External link in |title= (help)
*Di Gregorio, Antonio; Jansen, Louisa J.M. (2000). 'Land Cover Classification System: Classification Concepts and User Manual'. Food and Agriculture Organization.
*Pete Fisher; et al. (2005). 'Land use and Land cover: Contradiction or Complement'. In Peter Fisher, David Unwin (ed.). Re-Presenting GIS. Chichester: Wiley. pp. 85–98.
*Ivan Balenovic; et al. (2015). 'Quality assessment of high density digital surface model over different land cover classes'.PERIODICUM BIOLOGORUM. VOL. 117, No 4, pp. 459–470, 2015Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Land_cover&oldid=920235574'
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